电梯音高
Spain, the fourth largest eurozone economy, was hit particularly hard by the Great Recession, which made its chronic labor market problems more evident. Youth and long-term unemployment escalated during the crisis and, despite the ongoing recovery, in 2018 were still at very high levels. The aggregate rate of temporary employment declined during the recession, but grew among youth. Most interesting have been the narrowing of the gender gap in labor force participation, the decline in the share of immigrants in employment and the labor force, and the overall increase in wage inequality.
关键发现
Pros
自2014年以来，就业增长率为2.4％。
2018年，劳动力参与和临时就业的性别差距比经济衰退之前小。
The overall rate of temporary employment decreased in the wake of the Great Recession.
移民就业的份额开始在2014年以后再次增长，尽管缓慢。
Both overall monthly wage inequality and inequality in the lower half of the monthly wage distribution started decreasing slowly in 2013.
Cons
在大萧条期间，青年和长期失业率猛增；在2018年，他们仍然很高，距离危机前的水平很远。
Male labor force participation fell because of the drastic reduction in young men’s participation in the aftermath of the crisis.
临时就业率在青年中显着升级。
大萧条遭受了特别严厉的打击。
经济衰退期间的实际工资下降，尚未恢复到衰退前的水平；对于低薪工人，这种下降尤其明显。