IZA World of Labor REPORT: The Gender Gap in Crime

IZA World of Labor REPORT: The Gender Gap in Crime

近几十年来，妇女参与劳动力市场已融合了男性的参与率。一种修订了IZA劳动世界报告在犯罪世界中发现了类似的性别融合运动。

The economist Nadia Campaniello of the University of Essex analyzed UN survey data on crime trends for six countries showing that while the crime participation gap is common to many countries, female crime in these countries has been rising. With crime no longer just men’s business, the author stresses the importance of investigating female criminal behavior to determine whether the policy prescriptions to reduce crime should differ for women.

There are differences between female and male offenders. Women commit fewer and different crimes then men. Studies show women, on average, tend to commit mostly property crimes, in particular theft, fraud, and drug offences. Women commit more theft while men commit more robbery. Generally, women commit less violent crime. Even in the criminal world there is a “gender wage gap”: men earn 13% more than women. And women are less responsive to a change in expected incentives, i.e. a rise in illegal earnings. On the other hand, men face a 9% higher probability of arrest. Judges seem to be more lenient with women, which might partly explain the rising tendency for women to commit crime.

在解决犯罪原因时，通常认为更好的教育是一种有效的政策措施。但是，一些研究发现，这种积极作用对男性比对女性要强得多，这可能部分解释了犯罪中性别差距的狭窄。在过去的几十年中，对于女性而言，相对工资不平等的增长远远超过男性，这可能使更多的妇女在工资分配的低端推动犯罪。

此外，对于妇女而言，从事法律市场的机会成本方面不能简单地解释从事犯罪活动的决定。与男性相比，养育儿童和家政服务对女性起着可能更重要的作用。但是近年来，技术进步和社会规范使妇女从家里释放，增加了他们参与劳动和犯罪市场的参与。妇女比过去拥有更多的自由，随之而来的是犯罪的机会。根据作者的说法，这些发现表明，决策者应考虑到劳动力市场中性别差异狭窄的积极变化以及社会角色的积极变化可能导致更多妇女参与犯罪。

Campaniello得出结论：“Policies that help reduce wage disparity across skilled and unskilled female workers, such as incentivizing female education, might deter disadvantaged women from engaging in criminal activities.”

Please credit IZA World of Labor should you refer to or cite from the report.

Please find further research around the gender divide the IZA World of Laborkey topics page.

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IZA World of Labor (http://wol.iza.org) is a global, freely available online resource that provides policy makers, academics, journalists, and researchers, with clear, concise and evidencebased knowledge on labor economics issues worldwide.

The site offers relevant and succinct information on topics including diversity, migration, minimum wage, youth unemployment, employment protection, development, education, gender balance, labor mobility and flexibility among others.

Established in 1998, the Institute of Labor Economics (www.ecmna114.com) is an independent economic research institute focused on the analysis of global labor markets. Based in Bonn, it operates an international network of about 1,500 economists and researchers spanning more than 45 countries.